Electrical Conductivity of Electrospun fibers, composites and its derivatives

For direct comparison of the electrical conductivity of the material reported in literature, it is important to note that different source of error (quality of contact between fiber and electrode, membrane surface etc.) and inconsistencies may be introduced during the measurement. Thus, the values given in the table below should only be used as an estimate.

Material	Method of Incorporation	Description	Electrical Conductivity	Reference
Carbonized polyacrylonitrile	Not applicable	Aligned nanofiber membrane	0.2 to 0.5 S/cm Fiber diameter: 300 nm	Ra et al 2005
Carbonized polyamic acid with compression	Not applicable	Random nanofiber membrane Fiber diameter: 80 nm	16 S/cm	Xuyen et al 2007
Carbonized polyacrylonitrile with 10 wt% multi-wall carbon nanotube	Blending	Aligned nanofiber membrane Fiber diameter: 80 nm	Parallel: 35 S/cm Perpendicular: 12.5 S/cm	Ra et al 2005
Gold	Not applicable	Single nanofiber Fiber diameter: 300 nm	Parallel: 1.2 x 10^-4 S/cm	Pol et al 2008
Nylon-6 with polyaniline	Polymerization	Randomly oriented nanofiber membrane Fiber diameter: 240 nm	1.3 S/cm	Hong et al 2005
Polyacrylonitrile, Mw 100,000 g/mol with single-walled carbon nanotubes wrapped by regioregular poly (3-hexyl thiophene (rrP3HT), 1 wt%	Blending	Aligned nanofiber membrane Fiber diameter: 100 to 300 nm	2.5 S/cm	Hou et al 2010
Polyethylene oxide with 50% polypyrrole	Blending	Randomly oriented nanofiber membrane Fiber diameter: 120 to 220 nm	3.5 x 10^-4 S/cm	Chronakis et al 2006
Polyethylene oxide with polypyrrole coating	Surface polymerization	Randomly oriented nanofiber membrane Fiber diameter: 96 nm	10^-3 S/cm	Nair et al 2005
Poly(L-lactide) with polyaniline	Polymerization	Randomly oriented nanofiber membrane Fiber diameter: 750 nm	0.38 S/cm	Dong et al 2004
Poly(L-lactide-co-e- caprolactone) with polyaniline (70:30)	Blending	Randomly oriented nanofiber membrane Fiber diameter: 466 nm	0.296 S/cm	Jun et al 2009
Poly(methyl methacrylate) with gold coating	Blending, reduction of salt and plating	Randomly oriented nanofiber membrane	9.3 x 10³ S/cm	Han et al 2006
Poly(methyl methacrylate) with 2 wt% multi-walled carbon nanotube	Blending	Single fiber	5.3 x 10^-4 S/cm	Sundaray et al 2006
Polypyrrole [PPy(SO₃H)-DEHS]	Not blending	Randomly oriented nanofiber membrane Fiber diameter: 70 nm	2.7 x 10^-2 S/cm	Chronakis et al 2006
Polystyrene nanofiber template for by vapor-phase polymerization of 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (EDOT) to form Poly-3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT)	Vapor-phase polymerization	Randomly oriented nanofiber membrane Fiber diameter: 300 nm	1 S/cm	Nair et al 2009
Polyvinyl alcohol with Nafion (1:5)	Blending	Randomly oriented nanofiber membrane Fiber diameter: 300 nm	1.7 x 10^-2 S/cm	Laforgue et al 2007
Silk membrane coated with multi-walled carbon nanotube	Surface coating by dipping in carbon nanotube suspension	Randomly oriented nanofiber membrane Fiber diameter: 460 nm	2.4 x 10^-4 S/cm	Kang et al 2007
SrRuO3(SRO)-RuO2	Not applicable	Randomly oriented nanofiber membrane Fiber diameter: 20 to 50 nm	40.8 S/cm	Hyun et al 2010
SrRuO3(SRO)-RuO2	Not applicable	Single nanofiber Fiber diameter: 20 to 50 nm	476 S/cm	Hyun et al 2010
Gold nanotroughs from removal of nanofibers	Thermal evaporation to deposit gold on nanofibers	Single nanotrough	2.2 x 10⁵ S/cm	Wu et al 2013

Material	Electrical Conductivity
Poly(methyl methacrylate)	10^-14 S/cm
Multi-walled carbon nanotube	10² S/cm
Gold	10⁶ S/cm

▼ Reference

Chronakis I S, Grapenson S, Jakob A. Conductive polypyrrole nanofibers via electrospinning: Electrical and morphological properties. Polymer 2006; 47: 1597.
Dong H, Prasad S, Nyame V, Jones Jr. W E. Sub-micrometer Conducting Polyaniline Tubes Prepared from Polymer Fiber Templates. Chem. Mater. 2004; 16: 371.
Granato F, Bianco A, Bertarelli C, Zerbi G. Composite Polyamide 6/Polypyrrole Conductive Nanofibers. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2009; 30: 453.
Han G, Guo B, Zhang L, Yang B. Conductive Gold Films Assembled on Electrospun Poly(methyl methacrylate) Fibrous Mats. Adv. Mater. 2006; 18: 1709.
Hong K H, Oh K W, Kang T J. Preparation of Conducting Nylon-6 Electrospun Fiber Webs by the In Situ Polymerization of Polyaniline. J Appl Polym Sci 2005; 96: 983.
Hou X, Yang X, Zhang L, Waclawik E, Wu S. Stretching-induced crystallinity and orientation to improve the mechanical properties of electrospun PAN nanocomposites. Materials and Design 2010; 31: 1726.
Hyun T S, Kim H G, Kim I D. Facile synthesis and electrochemical properties of conducting SrRuO3–RuO2 composite nanofibre mats. Journal of Power Sources 2010; 195: 1522.
Jeong J S, Jeon S Y, Lee T Y, Park J H, Shin J H, Alegaonkar P S, Berdinsky A S, Yoo J B. Fabrication of MWNTs/nylon conductive composite nanofibers by electrospinning. Diamond and related Materials 2006; 15: 1839.
Jun I, Jeong S, Shin H. The stimulation of myoblast differentiation by electrically conductive sub-micron fibers. Biomaterials 2009; 30: 2038.
Kang M, Jin H J. Electrically conducting electrospun silk membranes fabricated by adsorption of carbon nanotubes. Colloid Polym Sci 2007; 285: 1163.
Laforgue A, Robitaille L, Mokrini A, Ajji A. Fabrication and Characterization of Ionic Conducting Nanofibers. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2007; 292: 1229.
Nair S, Natarajan S, Kim S H. Fabrication of Electrically Conducting Polypyrrole-Poly(ethylene oxide) Composite Nanofibers. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2005; 26: 1599.
Nair S, Hsiao E, Kim S H. Melt-Welding and Improved Electrical Conductivity of Nonwoven Porous Nanofiber Mats of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Grown on Electrospun Polystyrene Fiber Template. Chem. Mater. 2009; 21: 115.
Ra E J, Hyeok K, Kim K K, Jeong S Y, Lee Y H. Anisotropic electrical conductivity of MWCNT/PAN nanofiber paper. Chemical Physics Letters 2005; 413: 188.
Shin M K, Kim Y J, Kim S I, Kim S K, Lee H, Spinks G M, Kim S J. Enhanced conductivity of aligned PANi/PEO/MWNT nanofibers by electrospinning. Sensors and Actuators B 2008; 134: 122.
Sundaray B, Subramanian V, Natarajan T S, Krishnamurthy K. Electrical conductivity of a single electrospun fiber of poly(ethyl methacrylate) and multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite. Applied Physcs Letters 2006; 88: 143114.
Wei M, Lee J, Kang B, Mead J. Preparation of Core-Sheath Nanofibers from Conducting Polymer Blends. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2005; 26: 1127.
Wu H, Kong D, Ruan Z, Hsu P C, Wang S, Yu Z. A transparent electrode based on a metal nanotrough network. Nature Nanotechnology 2013; 8: 421
Xuyen N T, Ra E J, Geng H Z, Kim K K, An K H, Lee H L. Enhancement of Conductivity by Diameter Control of Polyimide-Based Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111: 11350.

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▼ Credit and Acknowledgement