Polymer structure mechanical property comparison

Mechnical studies that have been performed on electrospun fibers include single nanofiber tensile test, single nanofiber bend test, nanofiber bundles and tensile testing of electrospun membrane. The mechanical properties of polymers are affected by factors such as molecular weight, tacticity, crystallinity, strain drawing and others thus their value may spread over a relatively wide range. This is especially so for single nanofiber when comparing with conventional fiber spinning techniques. The table below is a list of the mechanical property of fibrous structures made out of electrospun fiber and other conventional fiber spinning techniques.

Process	Fiber diameter	Molecular weight	Tensile strength (MPa)	Tensile modulus (GPa)	Reference
Electrospinning Take-up velocity: 63 m/min	890 nm	Mw 300,000	89	1.0	Inai et al 2005
Electrospinning Take-up velocity: 630 m/min	610 nm	Mw 300,000	183	2.9	Inai et al 2005
Melt spinning	298 - 340 um	Mn 304,700	60.7 - 71.9	2.02 - 2.24	Yuan et al 2001
Melt spinning	269 - 339 um	Mn 262,800	50.6 - 53.2	1.81 - 2.15	Yuan et al 2001
Melt spinning and hot drawing Draw ratio: ~4.7	146 - 151 um	Mn 494,600	412 - 535	4.58 - 5.22	Yuan et al 2001
Melt spinning and hot drawing Draw ratio: 4.66 - 5.5	134 - 145 um	Mn 304,700	332 - 484	3.88 - 4.96	Yuan et al 2001
Melt spinning and hot drawing Draw ratio: 5.11 - 5.89	119 - 149 um	Mn 262,800	365 - 415	4.12 - 4.46	Yuan et al 2001
Melt spinning	Die exit diameter: 1 mm	Mn 146,800	86.91	1.87	Zhang et al 2008
Melt spinning and hot drawing Draw ratio: 6	Die exit diameter: 1 mm	Mn 146,800	382.76	4.36	Zhang et al 2008
Melt spinning and hot drawing Draw ratio: 5	Die exit diameter: 0.25 mm	Mw 280,000	530	9.3	Penning et al 1993

Process	Fiber diameter	Molecular weight	Tensile strength (MPa)	Tensile modulus (GPa)	Reference
Electrospinning	375 - 800 nm	Mw 150,000	22	0.815	Ren 2013
Electrospinning	2.8 um to 100 nm	Mw 150,000	15 to 1750 (True strength)	0.36 to 48	Papkov et al 2013

Process	Fiber diameter	Molecular weight	Tensile strength (MPa)	Tensile modulus (GPa)	Reference
Electrospinning As spun	800 nm	Not indicated	304	0.9	Bazbouz et al 2010
Melt spinning and cold air attenuation	179 um	Not indicated	79.7	Not indicated	Jia 2010
Melt spinning and cold air attenuation	83 um	Not indicated	39.6	Not indicated	Jia 2010
Melt spinning and cold air attenuation	50 um	Not indicated	74.6	Not indicated	Jia 2010
Melt spinning and cold air attenuation	22 um	Not indicated	86.7	Not indicated	Jia 2010
Melt spinning and cold air attenuation	13 um	Not indicated	199.2	Not indicated	Jia 2010
Melt spinning and cold air attenuation	10 um	Not indicated	216.7	1.2	Jia 2010

Process	Filament diameter	Molecular weight	Ultimate Tensile strength (MPa)	Elongation at break (%)	Reference
Electrospinning	474 nm	100,000 g/mol	54.57	60.81	Dabirian et al 2009
Electrospinning	1300 nm	Not specified	45	88.6	Wang et al 2008
Electrospinning	410 nm	Mw: 100,000 g/mol Mn: 70,000 g/mol	53	75.8	Dabirian et al 2011
Centrifugal Electrospinning	440 nm	Mw = 100,000 g/mol and Mn = 70,000 g/mol	112	60	Dabirian et al 2011
Electrospinning Draw ratio: 100%	Not specified	Not specified	146	12.9	Wang et al 2008
Electrospinning Draw ratio: 200%	Not specified	Not specified	235	12.6	Wang et al 2008
Electrospinning Draw ratio: 300%	600 nm	Not specified	372	12.0	Wang et al 2008
Electrospinning Draw ratio: 100% Denier (g/900m): 42	Not specified	Mn 112,000 g/mol	307	13	Moon et al 2009
Electrospinning Draw ratio: 55% Denier (g/900m):120	Not specified	Mn 112,000 g/mol	294	13.5	Moon et al 2009
Electrospinning Draw ratio: 85% Denier (g/900m): 97	Not specified	Mn 112,000 g/mol	323	13.3	Moon et al 2009
Electrospinning Draw ratio: 100% Denier (g/900m): 127	Not specified	Mn 112,000 g/mol	325	15.1	Moon et al 2009
Electrospinning As spun	431 nm	Mn 112,000 g/mol	99	Not specified	Moon et al 2009
Electrospinning Draw ratio: 100%	Not specified	Mn 112,000 g/mol	307	13	Moon et al 2009
Wet spun fiber Draw ratio: 300%	Not specified	Not specified	392	13.0	Wang et al 2008

Process	Fiber diameter	Ultimate Tensile strength (MPa)	Elongation at break (%)	Reference
Electrospinning, Precursor: PAN	Not specified	986	Not specified	Moon et al 2009
Commercial carbon fiber tows IMS from Toho Tenax Precursor: PAN	Not specified	5600	1.9	Safarova et al 2010
Commercial carbon fiber tows T700 from Toray Precursor: PAN	Not specified	2550	1.7	Safarova et al 2010

▼ Reference

Bazbouz M B, Stylios G K. The Tensile Properties of Electrospun Nylon 6 Single Nanofibers. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym Phys 2010; 48: 1719.
Dabirian F, Hosseini S A. Novel Method for Nanofibre Yarn Production Using Two Differently Charged Nozzles. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe 2009; 17: 45.
Dabirian F, Ravandi S A H, Pishevar A R, Abuzade R A. A comparative study of jet formation and nanofiber alignment in electrospinning and electrocentrifugal spinning systems. Journal of Electrostatics 2011; 69: 540
Inai R, Kotaki M, Ramakrishna S. Structure and properties of electrospun PLLA single nanofibres. Nanotechnology 2005; 16: 208.
Jia J. Melt spinning of continuous filaments by cold air. PhD Thesis. Georgia Institute of Technology. Dec 2010 Open Access
Moon S C, Farris R J. Strong electrospun nanometer-diameter polyacrylonitrile carbon fiber yarns. Carbon 2009; 47: 2829
Papkov D, Zou Y, Andalib M N, Goponenko A, Cheng S Z, Dzenis Y A. Simultaneously strong and tough ultrafine continuous nanofibers. ACS Nano 2013; 7: 3324.
Penning J P, Dijkstra H, Pennings A J. Preparation and properties of absorbable fibres from L-lactide copolymers. Polymer 1993; 34: 942.
Ren C. PAN Nanofibers and Nanofiber Reinforced Composites. Master of Science Thesis 2013. University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Open Access
Safarova V, Gregr J. Electrical Conductivity measurement of fibers and yarns. 7th International Conference - TEXSCI 2010, Sept 6-8, Czeh Republic Open Access
Wang X, Zhang K, Zhu M, Hsiao B S, Chu B. Enhanced Mechanical Performance of Self-Bundled Electrospun Fiber Yarns via Post-Treatments. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2008; 29: 826.
Yuan X, Mak A F T, Kwok K W, Yung B K O, Yao K. Characterization of Poly(L-lactic acid) Fibers Produced by Melt Spinning. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2001; 81: 251.
Zhang W X, Wang Y Z. Synthesis and properties of high molecular weight poly(lactic acid) and its resultant fibers. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2008; 26: 425.

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▼ Credit and Acknowledgement