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Salt Additive data

Salt Polymer solution Effect Reference
Triethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (TEBAC) Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in water Increase in fiber diameter Arumugam et al 2009
Triethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (TEBAC) poly(L-lactic acid) in chloroform Reduced stable jet length

Decrease fiber diameter

Increase fiber collection efficiency 		Seo et al 2009
Triethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (TEBAC) Polyurethaneurea in Dimethyl formamide Small amount of salt addition increases the mass flow rate significantly up to 2.3 wt%.

Increase salt addition increases the conductivity. 		Demir et al 2002
Dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB), tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) Polystyrene in 50% N,N-dimethyl formamide : 50% tetrahydrofuran TBAC addition to solution result in higher conductivity than DTAB of the same concentration.

Conductivity is largely improved. At very high conductivity, long and branched fibers were observed indicating a split in the fiber during electrospinning.

Electrospun fibers diameter decreased slightly with increase TBAC concentration.

Addition of salts has no effect on the viscosity.

DTAB led to a slight decrease in the surface tension. TBAC showed no influence on the surface tension. Therefore only DTAB shows polymer-surfactant interaction. For the same concentration, DTAB led to thinner fibers than with TBAC. Thus polymer/surfactant interaction led to the formation of thinner fibers.

Non-ionic surfactant cannot stop the formation of beads.

Note: The salts are ionic surfactant which can lower the surface/interfacial tension of the medium in which they dissolve. 		Lin et al 2004
Sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium phosphate (NaPO4), potassium phosphate (KPO4) Poly(D,L-lactic acid) in Dimethyl formamide No beads are formed after the addition of salt at the same concentration.

Diameter of fibers decreased with addition of salt. Electrospun fiber with NaCl added has the smallest average diameter while fibers from KH2PO4 had the largest average diameter.

Charged ions seem to aggregate on the fiber surface. 		Zong et al 2002
Benzyl trialkylammonium chlorides Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in chloroform Significant decrease in the fiber when a small amount of salt is added. However, there is no effect on the diameter when more salt is added up to 3 wt%..

Significant increase in the conductivity of solution when more salt is added.

No significant change was observed in viscosity and surface tension of solution.

Addition of salt makes the deposition area wider.

Note: This salt is easily removable by a methanol treatment. Ion size does not affect the diameter of the fibers. 		Choi et al 2004
KCl Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in water Increase in fiber diameter Arumugam et al 2009
HMICl (room temperature ionic liquid) Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in water Increase in fiber diameter Arumugam et al 2009
HMICl (room temperature ionic liquid) poly(L-lactic acid) in chloroform Reduced stable jet length

Decrease fiber diameter

Increase fiber collection efficiency 		Seo et al 2009
NaCl Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid)(PAMPS) Decrease fiber diameter

Reduced beads formation. Further addition of salt results in reappearance of beads 		Kim et al 2005
NaCl Polyethylene oxide/ Poly(ethylene glycol), (1:1) in water Reduced beads formation.

Initial reduction in fiber diameter but increases with higher salt concentration 		Arayanarakul et al 2006
NaCl Poly(ethylene oxide) in water Reduced beads formation.

Addition of salt increases the net charge density carried by the moving jet.

The solution viscosity initially increases with more salt addition but decrease when more salt is added. There is no significant effect on surface tension. 		Fong et al 1999
NaCl Poly(vinyl alcohol) in water Decrease fiber diameter with greater diameter uniformity.
Further addition of salt results in greater variance in fiber diameter and re-appearing of beads 		Ding et al 2010
NaCl Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid) in water Increase fiber diameter uniformity Lee et al 2005
Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Lithium Chloride (LiCl), Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) Polyamide-6 resin in formic acid Addition of salts resulted in marked reduction in the viscosity and an increase in the conductivity although they did not seem to affect the surface tension.

For solution containing NaCl and LiCl, the increase in the viscosity suggests an increase in the viscoelastic force counteracting the Coulombic stretching force with increasing salt content. For MgCl2, the effect on viscosity does not follow any general trend.

Increase fiber diameter with increase salt content.

Addition of salt may increase the mass flow rate hence increasing the size of the fibers obtained. 		Mit-uppatham et. al., 2004
CaCl2 Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid) (PAMPS) Decrease fiber diameter

Reduced beads formation. Further increase in salt results in reappearance of beads 		Kim et al 2005
LiCl Polyacrylonitrile in N,N-Dimethylformamide Reduction in fiber diameter Qin et al 2007
NaNO3 Polyacrylonitrile in N,N-Dimethylformamide Reduction in fiber diameter Qin et al 2007
NaCl Polyacrylonitrile in N,N-Dimethylformamide Reduction in fiber diameter Qin et al 2007
CaCl2 Polyacrylonitrile in N,N-Dimethylformamide Reduction in fiber diameter Qin et al 2007
LiCl Polyacrylonitrile in N,N-Dimethylformamide When no salt is added, no fiber can be produced with a voltage of 5kV. When salt is added, electrospinning process starts at 4kV

Addition of small amount of salt dramatically increase fiber diameter and decrease the jet length. 		Qin et al 2004
Published date: 8 August 2013
Last updated: 30 Sep 2013
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